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Description

Reasons for Designation A standing cross is a free standing upright structure, usually of stone, mostly erected during the medieval period (mid 10th to mid 16th centuries AD). Standing crosses served a variety of functions. In churchyards they served as stations for outdoor processions, particularly in the observance of Palm Sunday. Elsewhere, standing crosses were used within settlements as places for preaching, public proclamation and penance, as well as defining rights of sanctuary. Standing crosses were also employed to mark boundaries between parishes, property, or settlements. A few crosses were erected to commemorate battles. Some crosses were linked to particular saints, whose support and protection their presence would have helped to invoke. Crosses in market places may have helped to validate transactions. After the Reformation, some crosses continued in use as foci for municipal or borough ceremonies, for example as places for official proclamations and announcements; some were the scenes of games or recreational activity. Standing crosses were distributed throughout England and are thought to have numbered in excess of 12,000. However, their survival since the Reformation has been variable, being much affected by local conditions, attitudes and religious sentiment. In particular, many cross-heads were destroyed by iconoclasts during the 16th and 17th centuries. Less than 2,000 medieval standing crosses, with or without cross-heads, are now thought to exist. The oldest and most basic form of standing cross is the monolith, a stone shaft often set directly in the ground without a base. The most common form is the stepped cross, in which the shaft is set in a socket stone and raised upon a flight of steps; this type of cross remained current from the 11th to 12th centuries until after the Reformation. Where the cross-head survives it may take a variety of forms, from a lantern-like structure to a crucifix; the more elaborate examples date from the 15th century. Much less common than stepped crosses are spire-shaped crosses, often composed of three or four receding stages with elaborate architectural decoration and/or sculptured figures; the most famous of these include the Eleanor crosses, erected by Edward I at the stopping places of the funeral cortege of his wife, who died in 1290. Also uncommon are the preaching crosses which were built in public places from the 13th century, typically in the cemeteries of religious communities and cathedrals, market places and wide thoroughfares; they include a stepped base, buttresses supporting a vaulted canopy, in turn carrying either a shaft and head or a pinnacled spire. Standing crosses contribute significantly to our understanding of medieval customs, both secular and religious, and to our knowledge of medieval parishes and settlement patterns. All crosses which survive as standing monuments, especially those which stand in or near their original location, are considered worthy of protection. The remains of the White Cross represent a valuable example of a medieval boundary cross still located in its original position. It is one of a rare group of boundary markers, known through early maps, which formerly surrounded the fenland parish of Sutton St James; only two other crosses in the group survive. Absence of later restoration, and limited disturbance of the area immediately surrounding the cross, indicate that archaeological deposits relating to the monument's construction and use are likely to survive intact. Details The monument includes the remains of a standing stone cross located on a roadside verge 80m north of Poultry Farm. Standing on the east side of the parish boundary between Tydd St Mary and Sutton St James, it represents a medieval boundary cross marking the eastern corner of the parish of Sutton St James. The monument includes the base of the cross, which is constructed of limestone. The base takes the form of a socket stone, a single block about 0.7m square in section which is now largely buried. The upper face of the stone, which stands up to 0.05m above the present ground surface, includes a socket of rectangular section into which a shaft with cross head would formerly have been fixed. Records made of the socket stone in 1915 indicate that it is approximately 0.32m deep and includes a carved decoration on one side. The monument includes a 1m boundary around the cross which is essential for the monument's support and preservation. Sources Books and journals Davies, D S, 'Lincolnshire Notes & Queries' in Ancient Stone Crosses in Lindsey and Holland Divisions of Lincs, , Vol. XIII no7, (1915), 218

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