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Description

Reasons for Designation A standing cross is a free standing upright structure, usually of stone, mostly erected during the medieval period (mid 10th to mid 16th centuries AD). Standing crosses served a variety of functions. In churchyards they served as stations for outdoor processions, particularly in the observance of Palm Sunday. Elsewhere, standing crosses were used within settlements as places for preaching, public proclamation and penance, as well as defining rights of sanctuary. Standing crosses were also employed to mark boundaries between parishes, property, or settlements. A few crosses were erected to commemorate battles. Some crosses were linked to particular saints, whose support and protection their presence would have helped to invoke. Crosses in market places may have helped to validate transactions. After the Reformation, some crosses continued in use as foci for municipal or borough ceremonies, for example as places for official proclamations and announcements; some were the scenes of games or recreational activity. Standing crosses were distributed throughout England and are thought to have numbered in excess of 12,000. However, their survival since the Reformation has been variable, being much affected by local conditions, attitudes and religious sentiment. In particular, many cross-heads were destroyed by iconoclasts during the 16th and 17th centuries. Less than 2,000 medieval standing crosses, with or without cross-heads, are now thought to exist. The oldest and most basic form of standing cross is the monolith, a stone shaft often set directly in the ground without a base. The most common form is the stepped cross, in which the shaft is set in a socket stone and raised upon a flight of steps; this type of cross remained current from the 11th to 12th centuries until after the Reformation. Where the cross-head survives it may take a variety of forms, from a lantern-like structure to a crucifix; the more elaborate examples date from the 15th century. Much less common than stepped crosses are spire-shaped crosses, often composed of three or four receding stages with elaborate architectural decoration and/or sculptured figures; the most famous of these include the Eleanor crosses, erected by Edward I at the stopping places of the funeral cortege of his wife, who died in 1290. Also uncommon are the preaching crosses which were built in public places from the 13th century, typically in the cemeteries of religious communities and cathedrals, market places and wide thoroughfares; they include a stepped base, buttresses supporting a vaulted canopy, in turn carrying either a shaft and head or a pinnacled spire. Standing crosses contribute significantly to our understanding of medieval customs, both secular and religious, and to our knowledge of medieval parishes and settlement patterns. All crosses which survive as standing monuments, especially those which stand in or near their original location, are considered worthy of protection. Rowston village cross is a good example of the remains of a medieval standing cross with a stepped base. Situated on the village green, it is believed to stand in or near its original position. Limited disturbance of the area immediately surrounding the cross indicates that archaeological deposits relating to the monument's construction and use are likely to survive intact. While parts of the cross have survived since medieval times, subsequent restoration has resulted in its continued use as a public monument and amenity. Details The monument includes Rowston village cross, a standing stone cross located on a small green at the road junction south of the parish church. The cross is of stepped form and is medieval in date, with additions dating to the restoration of 1910. The monument includes the base, comprising two steps and a socket-stone, and a fragment of the shaft. The base includes two steps, the lower of which is approximately 1.67m square and constructed of rectangular slabs resting on coursed rubble. The tops of the slabs forming the south west and north west corners each have a circular hole about 0.3m in diameter, now filled in with cement. This step dates from the restoration of 1910. The upper step is constructed of a single rectangular slab of medieval date with later repairs on the east side. On this step rests the socket-stone, a single limestone slab with slightly chamfered corners; this piece is also of medieval date, with later repairs underneath. Into the socket-stone is set the medieval shaft fragment, which is quadrangular in section at the base with chamfered corners rising in tapering octagonal section to its original height of 0.75m. The fragment terminates in a flat top with a small depression in the centre, into which the upper stone of the original shaft was formerly fixed. This cross is listed Grade II. Sources Books and journals Davies, D S, 'Lincolnshire Notes and Queries' in Ancient Stone Crosses in Kesteven, , Vol. XII no.5, (1913), 146

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