There is conjectural evidence that a causeway dating as far back as the Bronze Age runs along what is now the B1190, known as the Branston causeway. There is documentary evidence for a causeway from the medieval period, which includes evidence that although the causeway led across the Branston Fens, the River Witham channel itself was crossed by a ferry. It can be argued that this causeway, like the others in the Witham Valley was part of a ritual and symbolic landscape dating from the Bronze Age and extending into the 16th century. The rituals probably focused on water features, including the River Witham itself. The eastern terminal of the causeway may relate to the 7th century foundation of Bardney Abbey which was located on Bardney Island, perhaps focused on the chapel of St Andrew, towards which the causeway aims. The monks had assumed responsibility for the causeway before the mid 12th century. It seems that Bardney Island was also a focus for later prehistoric to medieval votive offerings, which have been recovered from the river. The locations of monastic establishments in relation to the causeways, and in many cases the fact that the causeways were controlled by these establishments, are thought to represent the 'conversion' of the important spiritual and ritual significance of the area to the Christian tradition. {1}