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Description

Reasons for Designation A standing cross is a free standing upright structure, usually of stone, mostly erected during the medieval period (mid 10th to mid 16th centuries AD). Standing crosses served a variety of functions. In churchyards they served as stations for outdoor processions, particularly in the observance of Palm Sunday. Elsewhere, standing crosses were used within settlements as places for preaching, public proclamation and penance, as well as defining rights of sanctuary. Standing crosses were also employed to mark boundaries between parishes, property, or settlements. A few crosses were erected to commemorate battles. Some crosses were linked to particular saints, whose support and protection their presence would have helped to invoke. Crosses in market places may have helped to validate transactions. After the Reformation, some crosses continued in use as foci for municipal or borough ceremonies, for example as places for official proclamations and announcements; some were the scenes of games or recreational activity. Standing crosses were distributed throughout England and are thought to have numbered in excess of 12,000. However, their survival since the Reformation has been variable, being much affected by local conditions, attitudes and religious sentiment. In particular, many cross-heads were destroyed by iconoclasts during the 16th and 17th centuries. Less than 2,000 medieval standing crosses, with or without cross-heads, are now thought to exist. The oldest and most basic form of standing cross is the monolith, a stone shaft often set directly in the ground without a base. The most common form is the stepped cross, in which the shaft is set in a socket stone and raised upon a flight of steps; this type of cross remained current from the 11th to 12th centuries until after the Reformation. Where the cross-head survives it may take a variety of forms, from a lantern-like structure to a crucifix; the more elaborate examples date from the 15th century. Much less common than stepped crosses are spire-shaped crosses, often composed of three or four receding stages with elaborate architectural decoration and/or sculptured figures; the most famous of these include the Eleanor crosses, erected by Edward I at the stopping places of the funeral cortege of his wife, who died in 1290. Also uncommon are the preaching crosses which were built in public places from the 13th century, typically in the cemeteries of religious communities and cathedrals, market places and wide thoroughfares; they include a stepped base, buttresses supporting a vaulted canopy, in turn carrying either a shaft and head or a pinnacled spire. Standing crosses contribute significantly to our understanding of medieval customs, both secular and religious, and to our knowledge of medieval parishes and settlement patterns. All crosses which survive as standing monuments, especially those which stand in or near their original location, are considered worthy of protection. The churchyard cross at Howell is a good example of the remains of a medieval standing cross with a quadrangular base and unusual carved shaft. Situated near the south porch, it is believed to stand in or near its original position. Limited disturbance of the area immediately surrounding the cross indicates that archaeological deposits relating to the monument's construction and use are likely to survive intact. The cross has not been restored and has continued in use as a public monument and amenity from medieval times to the present day. Details The monument includes a standing stone cross located in the churchyard of St Oswald's Church, Howell, approximately 4m south east of the south porch. The cross is of stepped form and is medieval in date. The monument includes the foundation, steps, socket-stone and shaft. The foundation and core of the cross is constructed of loose limestone rubble around which the steps, of limestone blocks, are built. There are three steps of square plan, the lowest buried beneath the turf, the second at ground level, and fragments of the third surviving above. The socket-stone rests directly on the rubble core and is roughly square in section; the upper parts of the corners are moulded and chamfered forming a top of irregular octagonal section. The shaft is set in the centre of the socket-stone and is square in section at the base, rising through chamfered corners in a tapering octagonal section. There is a 15th-century inscription running in a band around the shaft which commemorates John Spenser, rector from 1428 to 1448. The shaft is now approximately 1.5m high and represents the entire lower stone of the 15th-century cross-shaft. The full height of the cross is approximately 2m. This cross is listed Grade II*. The grave on the north side of the cross is excluded from the scheduling. Sources Books and journals 'Kelly's Directory' in Kelly's Directory, (1909), 321 Davies, D S, 'Lincolnshire Notes and Queries' in Ancient Stone Crosses in Kesteven, , Vol. XII no.5, (1913), 142

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